A bioreactor for algae cultivation comprises a plurality of light permeable columns arranged in an upright position and spacing apart one another at a predetermined gap that each column has a top and bottom openings; a top and a bottom medium…

The present invention provides an apparatus for carrying out a photocatalytic reaction for wastewater treatment. The apparatus includes at least one spiral rod having a spaced thread profile that swirls helically along the rod wherein the at least…